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In previous research on this theme, cattle wore collars that emitted acoustic signals—and, where necessary, electrical pulses—when they approached the boundary. During the learning process, the animals associated the warning tone with the unpleasant stimulus and subsequently mostly respected the virtually defined boundary simply in response to the noise. As previous analyses of the experiment had not revealed any significant behavioral differences between animals in virtual and conventionally fenced enclosures, the researchers decided to take a closer look in their current study.

To map the distance to the fence—and identify any effect on the cattle's behavior that might occur only in the vicinity of the virtual boundary—they used GPS to assign the movement data of the 31 cows to two different zones (peripheral zone and center of the pasture) and compared them.

The key finding was that it was not the type of fence that made the difference, but the boundary itself—regardless of whether it was visible or not. Regardless of the system used, the animals were less likely to be found at the edges of the field, moved more slowly there, and tended to use the center of the pasture. Virtual fences also led to a more even distribution of the animals across the area.

"Our findings show that it is not the type of fence that is the deciding factor, but rather the animals' perception of the boundary of the pasture," says lead author Dr. Natascha Grinnell at Göttingen University's Institute of Grassland Science. "Virtual fences are respected by cattle just as reliably as conventional electric fences and are not fundamentally more problematic from an animal welfare perspective. This opens up new opportunities for farmers to manage grazing in a modern and flexible way."

Researchers from the University of Göttingen will also present their findings at the 'Virtual Fencing' field day on Monday, July 6, in Alt Madlitz, Brandenburg.

More information

N.A. Grinnell et al, Drawing the line: comparing zone-specific spatial behaviour of heifers on pasture with virtual and physical fences, Animal (2026). DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2026.101820

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Citation: Drawing the line: Virtual fences trigger the same cattle behavior as physical ones (2026, July 11) retrieved 11 July 2026 from https://phys.org/news/2026-07-line-virtual-trigger-cattle-behavior.html

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As with every game in this year’s tournament, the Argentina vs. Switzerland match will also stream live on Fox One, the official 2026 World Cup streamer. Following the service’s three-day free trial, a Fox One subscription costs $19.99 per month. For Spanish-language coverage, Peacock is the official World Cup streamer.

At a Glance: How to Watch Argentina vs. Switzerland World Cup Quarterfinal Soccer Match

• When: Saturday, July 11, 6 p.m. PT/9 p.m. ET
• Channel: Fox, Telemundo (Spanish)
• Stream online: DirecTV, Fubo, Fox One, Sling, Hulu + Live TV, Peacock (Spanish)

Where to Watch Argentina vs. Switzerland World Cup Match: Air Date, Time

The Switzerland vs. Argentina quarterfinal match will be broadcast live from Kansas City Stadium on July 11, at 6 p.m. PT/9 p.m. ET, on Fox. It will also air live on Telemundo in Spanish.

Where to Stream Argentina vs. Switzerland World Cup Match Online Free

Since the match airs on Fox, it will also be available to watch live on any streaming service that carries said network, including DirecTV (with a five-day free trial), Fubo (with a one-day free trial), Sling and Hulu + Live TV.

All matches will also stream live on Fox One, the official World Cup streamer. Following Fox One’s three-day free trial, the service costs $19.99 per month. For Spanish-language coverage, Peacock is the official World Cup streamer.

Related: The Best Peacock Subscription Deals and Free Trial Hacks %!s()

Segments of the pitch for the World Cup final will be up for sale starting at $450 per piece, football’s governing body announced on Saturday.

Players and coaches have criticised the quality of the field at New Jersey’s MetLife, which usually uses an artificial surface for NFL games of the New York Giants and Jets. FIFA renamed the venue to New Jersey New York Stadium for the World Cup.

FIFA, accused of charging high prices for this year’s tournament in the United States, will earn more than $11m from the sale, according to a report in The Athletic.

“Own a genuine piece of football history with an authentic 2026 FIFA World Cup Piece of the pitch, permanently preserved in a premium acrylic with a USB keepsake,” the website says. “Each piece contains an original fragment of the iconic Final playing surface, making it a unique collectable that celebrates one of the world’s greatest sporting events.”

The official store says each segment of turf is 17.5 by 17.5 by 17.5, although it doesn’t specify whether that figure is inches, centimetres or millimetres.

FIFA said “the acrylic USB features an authenticity film, while offering a sleek, contemporary display piece. Presented in a premium hinged shoulder box with striking spot UV detailing, this exclusive item is designed for collectors, fans, and football enthusiasts alike”.

FIFA is making the turf available to send only to addresses in the United States and Europe.

“Orders will not be shipped until after the FIFA World Cup 2026 Final,” the governing body said.

In addition to the high-priced tickets and memorabilia for the tournament, it will ‌cost $3,000 for the highest-priced tier of souvenir turf. The three-by-three-inch (7.6-by-7.6-centimetre) piece of grass comes with a gold-etched replica ticket, a miniature replica World Cup ball and a crystal-cut World Cup trophy.

The three other tiers of souvenir turf will sell for $450, $900 and $1,200.

There will ⁠be no more than 2,026 pieces ⁠available in any one tier.

FIFA is selling regular tickets for the final at up to $32,970 for the final and is asking $34,500 and $32,500 for hospitality tickets that include food and drinks.

The report indicated that the turf which will be used for the World Cup final was grown at a turf ⁠farm in North Carolina.

For consistency, new turf fields were installed at all World ⁠Cup venues, including those that typically have ⁠artificial surfaces like the stadiums in Seattle, Washington; Atlanta, Georgia; East Rutherford, New Jersey; Vancouver, Canada; Arlington, Texas; and Inglewood, California.

There is no indication of what will happen to ‌the turf fields that are not being used for the final. %!s()

It set the template for hi-po successors like the 2018 Grand Cherokee Trackhawk that debuted as the quickest and most powerful production SUV ever tested by anyone — at least according to Jeep. The Trackhawk showed off a supercharged 6.2-liter V8 capable of 707 horsepower, 645 pound-feet of torque, a 0-60 time of 3.5 seconds, and a top speed of 180 mph.

That said, those were hardly the first Jeeps to offer V8 motivation. For example, before the 5.9-liter Magnum V8 from the 1998 Grand Cherokee Limited, Jeep had supplied models with a 5.2-liter Magnum V8 and a 4.7-liter PowerTech with the same configuration. And before that, when it was part of Kaiser Jeep International, the brand had leveraged some earlier ties with Buick to source a V8 from the same brand. The Dauntless V8, displacing 350 cubic inches/5.7 liters, could be found in 1968-'71 Gladiators and Wagoneers. There, it made 230 hp and 350 lb-ft.

It was in between Kaiser and Chrysler that AMC got in on the action. That automaker introduced some of the world's most popular Jeeps during its 17-year ownership run — and offered a quartet of V8 engines over the years to move them.

Which AMC V8 engines were first used in Jeeps?

Let's start by clarifying the situation with that first AMC V8. The Kaiser-Jeep tie-up had its financial ups and downs, and lacked the resources to develop engines in-house during its final years. That's why it turned to Buick — still known for its vehicle reliability today — for the Dauntless V8. But prior to this, Kaiser had relied on a 327-cubic-inch V8 from AMC for the same reason. The engine was called the Vigilante V8 and was installed in Jeep's Wagoneer and J-truck models beginning partway through the 1965 model year. A four-barrel version, kicking out 270 hp, could be ordered for the 1966 Super Wagoneer. 

So Jeep vehicles began using AMC engines about 4½ years before the latter purchased the former. When AMC took control of Jeep in 1970, however, it actually had a new-generation V8 waiting. This was a 304-cubic-inch mill used for the Wagoneer and J Series trucks with 210 horses and 310 lb-ft for the 1972 model year. The 304 was also in the mix for the CJ roster — albeit with output marked down to 150 ponies and 245 lb-ft.

Those numbers may not seem to stand out today, but a big V8 stuffed into a short-wheelbase 4X4 SUV was no doubt a sporty surprise during the early Malaise Era. The only other vehicle to fit the bill at the time was the Ford Bronco, and its available 302-cubic-inch motor was down 11 horses and 20 lb-ft to its Jeep rival.

What were the biggest AMC V8s for Jeeps?

We just said that the 304 was new for 1970, but it wasn't a clean-sheet design. It was an evolution of AMC's 290-cubic-inch V8 that premiered for the 1966 Rambler Rogue — this was before AMC purchased Jeep, remember. AMC bored out the 290's cylinders in 1967 to increase displacement to 343 cubic inches, then both bored and stroked the block to debut a 390-cubic-inch V8 for 1968 models like the AMX muscle car.

These three engines were then upgraded beginning in 1970 to create AMC's third-generation V8 family, which includes not only the 304 V8, but also versions displacing 360 and 401 cubic inches. The latter two soon migrated to the newly acquired Jeep brand to join the 304, with the 360 originally appearing in early 1970s models such as the SJ Wagoneer and J-Series trucks. The short-lived 401 V8, in production from about 1971 to '78, was meant for the engine bays of the same Jeeps as the 360 as well as for the Cherokee. In its most powerful form, the 401 V8 was good for 335 hp and 435 lb-ft.

Of course, all of these output measures are from production engines. Yet the trio of third-gen motors is often considered by enthusiasts to be the very best of the AMC V8s. Highlights include a taller deck height that enabled gearheads to expand displacement with longer strokes, along with cylinder heads featuring L-shaped "dogleg" exhaust ports for better airflow. With that as a foundation, modern tuners have squeezed close to 500 horses from a relatively stock 401 V8, and a more heavily modded mill can handle 700. %!s()

What does Tau harbour? In brief: lots of noir theming. The first of the system's two initial areas is a ringed city, Fornax, whose occupants are plagued by corrupting rain and addicted to a substance called the Bloom. Fornax is home to Brysko, a chain-smoking, trenchcoated "Chimera Warframe" with an inner monologue reminiscent of a Raymond Chandler detective (he's actually voiced by Critical Role's Matt Mercer). Before you read on, seasoned Warframblers, please understand: I am trying to phrase all this in the language of everyday mortals. I'm sure I'm getting all sorts of lore wrong.

Fornax consists of three hubs, and is a putrid, vertiginous, divided place. I'm not sure this is literally the case, but it's sort of built inside a giant corpse. It doesn't have alleyways so much as bronchioles. Imagine if they hired Giger to redesign New York, basically. The residents are gilded or busted biomechanical machines. One is a talking hood ornament; another consists of two mouthy heavy loaders clipped together at the waist.

The lower levels are tunnels where those hooked on the Bloom piss against walls or lie in makeshift tents. Higher up, there are glistening canyons of hovercars that, to my eye, vaguely recall classic cadillacs and other vintage American roadsters. Even higher up, there's a neon casino with holographic singers, jangling pseudo-roulette wheels, and Warframe's first ever in-game cardgame, Portau. Which is a bit like poker, apparently.

In the course of an introductory mission starring Brysko, you'll play cards with the city's ruler, a crimelord called the Hunra, who looks like a half-vapourised goblin riding around in a ruptured beetle tuxedo. Brysko also throws (explosive) cards in combat, and has a grappleshot you can use on both enemies and the architecture. I do like Warframe's suit design. Much of Warframe is opaque to me, but Digital Extremes absolutely excel at devising sexy butt-kicking gargoyles.

As I learned in a separate interview, Fornax's concept reflects quite strong feeling about real-life addiction and gambling. Look out for more on that front down the line, in addition to some interviews with Digital Extremes about Warframe (and Soulframe) at large.

Warframe: Tau launches this year. If you're new to the universe, and intrigued by Tau, the rub is that you'll have to chew through the existing story and do your time in the progression mines to unlock access.

The expansion will accompany a host of smaller changes, including tweaks and new stuff for the existing Origins system. There will be new kinds of mission, and new enemies. There will be new plot threads for established characters – Brysko is working for Albrecht Entrati, if you're familiar with that guy. As of this writing, Digital Extreme have just added a massive, dormant Sentient body to one of the game's hangar environments - flying it in live during the announcement. You can customise the entity's skin and gender presentation, for purposes unknown.

There's another smaller Warframe update on the way this autumn, Iceblade of Narin, which introduces a new ice element Warframe while treating the 2013-era Banshee to a rework. There's also a sidestory slated for August release that consists of a mini "Fables and Frontiers" role-playing adventure. This reuses the AOL-style messaging system introduced by time-travelling expansion Warframe: 1999, and stirs in a new song from in-game boyband On-lyne.

Did you know that Warframe had a boyband? I'm starting to worry that Warframe contains everything. I just wish it didn't involve quite so much grinding. %!s()